-40° Fahrenheit? Damn, that's way colder than -40° Centigrade!

yes, Bolamig, I do remember being a kid and having a runny nose and asking my mom for a tylenol - her reponse? "What are you gonna do, stick it up your nose? You don't have a fever; you don't need tylenol. Go get a kleenex."

No, as a kid you don't know what's serious and what will pass; that's what parents are for. Not to "give a pill" whenever you don't quite feel right.

not sure about the having a right to know what you're being pulled over for; but I do know that (in California at least) even if you don't give consent, your car and person can be searched if the police have reason to believe you are carrying an illegal substance or weapon.

Takuan - everyone knows that A'Tuin is swimming through space, not standing on the back of other turtles.

Evidence - Re: the moon; try shining a flashlight on a basketball in a dark room if you want a visual. Make the flashlight and ball stationary and walk around them - you will see an equivalent of the phases of the moon.

Re: the "developed cecal valves—muscles between the large and small intestine—that slowed down food digestion in fermenting chambers" I suspect that they had these valves and now these same valves are bigger by use."

what I garner from the article (without having access to the researchers' information, I can't be sure*) is that the muscles at the joint between the two intestines altered over time to become valves; they didn't just spontaneously appear. The small intestine is muscular whereas the large intestine is not. The join between them is usually a circular muscle that aids fecal matter in passing from one intestine to the next - so you're part right in saying that they were there, but not in the form that they are now; which is the point.

Evolution is not a spontaneous creation of something that wasn't there previously, it's a selection over time for traits that are advantageous.

The first generation of lizards from Pod Kopiste didn't have the cecal valve. However, the individuals who had stronger cecal muscles were able to retain food longer and thus get more nutrients out of it which gave them a higher survival and reproduction rate - encouraging the continuance of the trend for stronger cecal muscles.

If you were to take these lizards back to Pod Kopiste, the valves may or may not remain in their systems. Depending on the availability of their current diet, the valves could remain indefinitely and these lizards would stay distinct from the lizards that are on Pod Kopiste and would probably develop new adaptations over time as they change to fit a new niche. If they were to revert back to the Pod Kopiste diet, they'd likely interbreed with those lizards and the cecal valves could disappear over time, because they're an unnecessary adaptation.

*I studied mammals, not herps, so I could be completely wrong about their digestive system.

JaketheSnake - a fourth option would be two distinct lizard populations that utilize difference niches.

seriously? for $17 I can get a pedicure, including calf massage, and have any design I want painted on my nails.

That is NOT how you do nerdy products for women.